nigel.stanger / Digital_Repository
Transfer to URL with SHA Find file
Newer
Older
Digital_Repository / Misc / Mass downloads / UTas / 2220.html
Nigel Stanger on 7 May 2013 43 KB - Imported Misc directory.
Raw Blame History 
  1. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
  2. "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
  3. <html>
  4.   <head>
  5.     <title>UTas ePrints - Cellular and molecular biology of ensheathing cells</title>
  6.     <script type="text/javascript" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/javascript/auto.js"><!-- padder --></script>
  7.     <style type="text/css" media="screen">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/auto.css);</style>
  8.     <style type="text/css" media="print">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/print.css);</style>
  9.     <link rel="icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
  10.     <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
  11.     <link rel="Top" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/" />
  12.     <link rel="Search" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" />
  13.     <meta content="Chuah, Meng Inn" name="eprints.creators_name" />
  14. <meta content="West, A.K." name="eprints.creators_name" />
  15. <meta content="Inn.Chuah@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
  16. <meta content="awest@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
  17. <meta content="article" name="eprints.type" />
  18. <meta content="2007-10-17 05:16:35" name="eprints.datestamp" />
  19. <meta content="2008-01-08 15:30:00" name="eprints.lastmod" />
  20. <meta content="show" name="eprints.metadata_visibility" />
  21. <meta content="Cellular and molecular biology of ensheathing cells" name="eprints.title" />
  22. <meta content="pub" name="eprints.ispublished" />
  23. <meta content="320000" name="eprints.subjects" />
  24. <meta content="270000" name="eprints.subjects" />
  25. <meta content="restricted" name="eprints.full_text_status" />
  26. <meta content="primary olfactory pathway; axon growth; growth factors; receptors; neural repair" name="eprints.keywords" />
  27. <meta content="see individual journal copyright transfer agreements" name="eprints.note" />
  28. <meta content="ABSTRACT Ensheathing cells are the glial cells that envelop olfactory axons as they course
  29. from the olfactory epithelium to the bulb. They are derived from the olfactory placode and differ
  30. from the typical glia in terms of sharing the phenotypes of both astrocytes and Schwann cells. The
  31. aims of this study are to review (1) cellular characterisation of ensheathing cells in vivo and in vitro,
  32. (2) molecular insight into their growth promoting properties, and (3) their role in olfactory development
  33. and potential function as a therapeutic agent for nerve repair. Much of the characterisation
  34. of ensheathing cell property has developed from immunohistochemical studies that have been
  35. supplemented with new molecular methodologies in recent years. Many pieces of evidence clearly
  36. indicate that ensheathing cells actively produce growth-promoting molecules, which act in a
  37. paracrine and, in some cases, autocrine manner. However, a review of the available literature also
  38. suggests that there is a great deal that remains to be elucidated regarding the cell biology of
  39. ensheathing cells, for example, their rate of formation and turnover. In addition, the apparent
  40. antigenic heterogeneity as revealed by numerous in vitro studies warrants further analysis,
  41. particularly in view of the fact that in recent years these cells have been touted as a possible agent
  42. for central nerve repair. New molecular methodologies such as the microarray techniques will prove
  43. to be crucial for defining the unique characteristics of ensheathing cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:" name="eprints.abstract" />
  44. <meta content="2002" name="eprints.date" />
  45. <meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
  46. <meta content="Microscopy Research and Technique" name="eprints.publication" />
  47. <meta content="58" name="eprints.volume" />
  48. <meta content="216-227" name="eprints.pagerange" />
  49. <meta content="10.1002/jemt.10151" name="eprints.id_number" />
  50. <meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" />
  51. <meta content="1059-910X" name="eprints.issn" />
  52. <meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10151" name="eprints.official_url" />
  53. <meta content="Airaksinen M, Titevsky A, Saarma M. 1999. GDNF family neurotrophic
  54. factor signaling: four masters, one servant? Mol Cell Neurosci
  55. 13:313–325.
  56. Amur-Umarjee SG, Dasu RG, Campagnoni AT. 1990. Temporal expression
  57. of myelin specific components in neonatal mouse brain
  58. cultures: Evidence that 2,3-cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase
  59. appears prior to galactocerebroside. Dev Neurosci 12:251–262.
  60. Astic L, Pellier-Monnin V, Godinot F. 1998. Spatio-temporal patterns
  61. of ensheathing cell differentiation in the rat olfactory system during
  62. development. Neuroscience 84:295–307.
  63. Barber PC, Lindsay RM. 1982. Schwann cells of the olfactory nerves
  64. contain glial fibrillary acidic protein and resemble astrocytes. Neuroscience
  65. 7:3077–3090.
  66. Barde Y-A. 1989. Trophic factors and neuronal survival. Neuron
  67. 2:1525–1534.
  68. Barnett SC, Hutchins AM, Noble M. 1993. Purification of olfactory
  69. nerve ensheathing cells from the olfactory bulb. Dev Biol 155:337–
  70. 350.
  71. Barnett SC, Alexander CL, Iwashita Y, Gilson JM, Crowther J, Clark
  72. L, Dunn LT, Papanastassiou V, Kennedy PGE, Franklin RJM.
  73. 2000. Identification of a human olfactory ensheathing cell that can
  74. effect transplant-mediated remyelination of demyelinated CNS axons.
  75. Brain 123:1581–1588.
  76. Bartolomei JC, Greer CA. 2000. Olfactory ensheathing cells: bridging
  77. the gap in spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery 47:1057–1069.
  78. Bedford EA. 1904. The early history of the olfactory nerve in swine.
  79. J Comp Neurol 14:390–410.
  80. Bignami A, Raju T, Dahl D. 1982. Localization of vimentin, the nonspecific
  81. intermediate filament protein, in embryonal glia and in
  82. early differentiating neurons. Devl Biol 91:286–295.
  83. Boruch AV, Conners JJ, Pipitone M, Deadwyler G, Storer PD, DeVries
  84. GH, Jones KJ. 2001. Neurotrophic and migratory properties of an
  85. olfactory ensheathing cell line. Glia 33:225–229.
  86. Bottenstein JE, Sato G H. 1979. Growth of a rat neuroblastoma cell
  87. line in serum-free supplemented medium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
  88. 76:514–517.
  89. Braun PE, Sandillon F, Edwards A, Mathieu JM, Privat A. 1988.
  90. Immunocytochemical localization by electron microscopy of 2,3-
  91. cyclic nucleotide 3phosphodiesterase in developing oligodendrocytes
  92. of normal and mutant brain. J Neurosci 8:3057–3066.
  93. Cai D, Shen Y, De Bellard M, Tang S, Filbin MT. 1999. Prior exposure
  94. to neurotrophins blocks inhibition of axonal regeneration by MAG
  95. and myelin via a cAMP-dependent mechanism. Neuron 22:89–101.
  96. Calof AL, Chikaraishi DM. 1989. Analysis of neurogenesis in a mammalian
  97. neuroepithelium: Proliferation and differentiation of an olfactory
  98. neuron precursor in vitro. Neuron 3:115–127.
  99. Calof AL, Lander AD. 1991. Relationship between neuronal migration
  100. and cell substratum adhesion: Laminin and merosin promote olfactory
  101. neuronal migration but are non-adhesive. J Cell Biol 115:779–
  102. 794.
  103. Calof AL, Campanero MR, Yurchenko PD, Lander AD. 1994. Domainspecific
  104. activation of the neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth
  105. activities of laminin. Neuron 13:117–130.
  106. Canoll PD, Musacchio JM, Hardy R, Reynolds R, Marchionni MA,
  107. Salzer JL. 1996. GGF / neuregulin is a neuronal signal that pro-
  108. Fig. 3. Lesioned spinal cord implanted with polymer capsule (arrow)
  109. containing ensheathing cells. The capsule is placed beneath the
  110. dura and immediately above the dorsal columns. Inset: A capsule
  111. that has been sectioned to reveal some of the ensheathing cells
  112. present within it. Bar  4 mm; bar in inset  50 m.
  113. CELL BIOLOGY OF ENSHEATHING CELLS 225
  114. motes the proliferation and survival and inhibits the differentiation
  115. of oligodendrocyte progenitors. Neuron 17:229–243.
  116. Chuah MI, Au C. 1991. Olfactory Schwann cells are derived from
  117. precursor cells in the olfactory epithelium. J Neurosci Res 29:172–
  118. 180.
  119. Chuah MI, Au C. 1993. Cultures of ensheathing cells from neonatal
  120. rat olfactory bulbs. Brain Res 601:213–220.
  121. Chuah MI, Au C. 1994. Olfactory cell cultures on ensheathing cell
  122. monolayers. Chem Senses 19:25–34.
  123. Chuah MI, Teague R. 1999. Basic fibroblast growth factor in the
  124. primary olfactory pathway: mitogenic effect on ensheathing cells.
  125. Neuroscience 88:1043–1050.
  126. Chuah MI, David S, Blaschuk O. 1991. Differentiation and survival of
  127. rat olfactory epithelial neurons in dissociated cell culture. Dev
  128. Brain Res 60:123–132.
  129. Chuah MI, Tennent R, Jacobs I. 1995. Response of olfactory Schwann
  130. cells to intranasal zinc sulfate irrigation. J Neurosci Res 42:470–
  131. 478.
  132. Chuah MI, Cossins J-M, Woodhall E, Tennent R, Nash G, West AK.
  133. 2000. Glial growth factor2 induces proliferation and structural
  134. changes in ensheathing cells. Brain Res 857:265–274.
  135. Chung RS, Choi-Lundberg DL, Woodhall E, Chuah MI, West AK.
  136. 2000. A rat spinal lesion model to investigate olfactory ensheathing
  137. cell transplantation in CNS injury. Aust Soc Biochem Mol Biol 2:16.
  138. Cuschieri A, Bannister LH. 1975a. The development of the olfactory
  139. mucosa in the mouse: light microscopy. J Anat 119:277–286.
  140. Cuschieri A, Bannister LH. 1975b. The development of the olfactory
  141. mucosa in the mouse: electron microscopy. J Anat 119:471–498.
  142. Davies AM. 1994. The role of neurotrophins in the developing nervous
  143. system. J Neurobiol 25:1334–1348.
  144. De Lorenzo AJ. 1957. Electron-microscopic observations of the olfactory
  145. mucosa and the olfactory nerve. J Biophys Biochem Cytol
  146. 3:839–863.
  147. Devon R, Doucette R. 1992. Olfactory ensheathing cells myelinate
  148. dorsal root ganglion neurites. Brain Res 589:175–179.
  149. Doucette R. 1984. The glial cells in the nerve fiber layer of the rat
  150. olfactory bulb. Anat Rec 210:385–391.
  151. Doucette R. 1990. Glial influences on axonal outgrowth in the primary
  152. olfactory system. Glia 3:433–449.
  153. Doucette R. 1993a. Glial cells in the nerve fiber layer of the main
  154. olfactory bulb of embryonic and adult mammals. Microsc Res Tech
  155. 24:113–130.
  156. Doucette R. 1993b. Glial progenitor cells of the nerve fiber layer of the
  157. olfactory bulb: Effect of astrocyte growth media. J Neurosci Res
  158. 35:274–287.
  159. Doucette R Devon R. 1995. Elevated intracellular levels of cAMP
  160. induce olfactory ensheathing cells to express GAL-C and GFAP but
  161. not MBP. Glia 13:130–140.
  162. Ensoli F, Fiorelli V, Vannelli B, Barni T, De Cristofaro M, Ensoli B,
  163. Thiele C. 1998. Basic fibroblast growth factor supports human
  164. olfactory neurogenesis by autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. Neuroscience
  165. 86:881–893.
  166. Farbman AI, Squinto LM. 1985. Early development of olfactory receptor
  167. cell axons. Dev Brain Res 19:205–213.
  168. Fraher JP. 1982. The ultrastructure of sheath cells in developing rat
  169. vomeronasal nerve. J Anat 134:149–168.
  170. Franceschini IA, Barnett SC. 1996. Low-affinity NGF-receptor and
  171. E-N-CAM expression define two types of olfactory nerve ensheathing
  172. cells that share a common lineage. Dev Biol 173:327–343.
  173. Gall C, Berschauer R, Isackson P. 1994. Seizures increase basic fibroblast
  174. growth factor mRNA in adult rat forebrain neurons and glia.
  175. Mol Brain Res 21:190–205.
  176. Gasser HS. 1956. Olfactory nerve fibers. J Gen Physiol 39:473–496.
  177. Giulian D. 1993. Reactive glia as rivals in regulating neuronal survival.
  178. Glia 7:102–110.
  179. Gong Q, Shipley M. 1996. Expression of extracellular matrix molecules
  180. and cell surface molecules in the olfactory nerve pathway
  181. during early development. J Comp Neurol 366:1–14.
  182. Gong Q, Bailey MS, Pixley S, Ennis M, Liu W, Shipley MT. 1994.
  183. Localization and regulation of low affinity nerve growth factor receptor
  184. expression in the rat olfactory system during development
  185. and regeneration. J Comp Neurol 344:336–348.
  186. Goodman MN, Silver J, Jacobberger JW. 1993. Establishment and
  187. neurite outgrowth properties of neonatal and adult rat olfactory
  188. bulb glial cell lines. Brain Res 619:199–213.
  189. Graziadei P, Monti Graziadei G. 1979. Neurogenesis and neuron
  190. regeneration in the olfactory system of mammals. I. Morphological
  191. aspects of differentiation and structural organization of the olfactory
  192. sensory neurons. J Neurocytol 8:1–18.
  193. Gudino-Cabrera G, Nieto-Sampedro M. 1996. Ensheathing cells: large
  194. scale purification from adult olfactory bulb, freeze-preservation and
  195. migration of transplanted cells in adult brain. Rest Neurol Neurosci
  196. 10:25–34.
  197. Gudino-Cabrera G, Pastor AM, de la Cruz RR, Delgado-Garcia JM,
  198. Nieto-Sampedro M. 2000. Limits to the capacity of transplants of
  199. olfactory glia to promote axonal regrowth in the CNS. NeuroReport
  200. 11:467–471.
  201. Guthrie K, Woods A, Nguyen T, Gall C. 1997. Astroglial neurotrophic
  202. factor mRNA expression is increased in fields of axonal sprouting in
  203. differentiated hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 386:137–148.
  204. Hinds JW. 1968. Autoradiographic study of histogenesis in the mouse
  205. olfactory bulb. I. Time of origin of neurons and neuroglia. J Comp
  206. Neurol 134:287–304.
  207. Hinds JW, Hinds PL, Mc Nelly NA. 1984. An autoradiographic study
  208. of the mouse olfactory epithelium: evidence for long-lived receptors.
  209. Anat Rec 210:375–383.
  210. Hsu P, Yu F, Feron F, Pickles JO, Sneesby K Mackay-Sim A. 2001.
  211. Basic fibroblast gowth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptors
  212. in adult olfactory epithelium. Brain Res 896:188–197.
  213. Imaizumi T, Lankford KL, Waxman SG, Greer CA, Kocsis JD. 1998.
  214. Transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells remyelinate and enhance
  215. axonal conduction in the demyelinated dorsal columns of the rat
  216. spinal cord. J Neurosci 18:6176–6185.
  217. Imaizumi T, Lankford KL, Burton WV, Fodor WL, Kocsis JD. 2000a.
  218. Xenotransplantation of transgenic pig olfactory ensheathing cells
  219. promotes axonal regeneration in rat spinal cord. Nature Biotech
  220. 18:949–953.
  221. Imaizumi T, Lankford KL, Kocsis JD. 2000b. Transplantation of olfactory
  222. ensheathing cells or Schwann cells restores rapid and secure
  223. conduction across the transected spinal cord. Brain Res 854:
  224. 70–78.
  225. Kafitz KW, Greer CA. 1999. Olfactory ensheathing cells promote
  226. neurite extension from embryonic olfactory receptor cells in vitro.
  227. Glia 25:99–110.
  228. Kato T, Honmou O, Uede T, Hashi K, Kocsis JD. 2000. Transplantation
  229. of human olfactory ensheathing cells elicits remyelination of
  230. demyelinated rat spinal cord. Glia 30:209–218.
  231. Key B, Treloar H, Wangerek L, Ford M, Nurcombe V. 1996. Expression
  232. and localization of FGF-1 in the developing rat olfactory system.
  233. J Comp Neurol 366:197–206.
  234. Kott J, Westrum L, Raines E, Sasahara M, Ross R. 1994. Olfactory
  235. ensheathing glia and platelet-derived growth factor B-chain reactivity
  236. in the transplanted rat olfactory bulb. Int J Devl Neurosci
  237. 12:315–323.
  238. Lakatos A, Franklin RJM, Barnett SC. 2000. Olfactory ensheathing
  239. cells and Schwann cells differ in their in vitro interactions with
  240. astrocytes. Glia 32:214–225.
  241. Li Y, Field PM, Raisman G. 1997. Repair of adult rat corticospinal
  242. tract by transplants of olfactory ensheathing cells. Science 277:
  243. 2000–2002.
  244. Li Y, Field PM, Raisman G. 1998. Regeneration of adult rat corticospinal
  245. axons induced by transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells.
  246. J Neurosci 18:10514–10524.
  247. Liesi P. 1985. Laminin-immunoreactive glia distinguish regenerative
  248. adult CNS systems from non-regenerative ones. EMBO J 4:2505–
  249. 2511.
  250. Lin DM, Ngai J. 1999. Development of the vertebrate main olfactory
  251. system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 9:74–78.
  252. Liu KL, Chuah MI, Lee KKH. 1995. Soluble factors from the olfactory
  253. bulb attract olfactory Schwann cells. J Neurosci 15:990–1000.
  254. Mackay-Sim A, Chuah MI. 2000. Neurotrophic factors in the primary
  255. olfactory pathway. Prog Neurobiol 62:527–559.
  256. Mahanthappa MK, Anton ES, Matthew WD. 1996. Glial growth factor
  257. 2, a soluble neuregulin, directly increases Schwann cell motility and
  258. indirectly promotes neurite outgrowth. J Neurosci 16:4673–4683.
  259. Martin LV, Weston S, West AK, Chuah MI. 2002. Nerve growth factor
  260. promotes olfactory axonal elongation. NeuroReport 13:621–625.
  261. Mendoza AS, Breipohl W, Miragall F. 1982. Cell migration from the
  262. chick olfactory placode: A light and electron microscopic study. J
  263. Embryol Exp Morph 69:47–59.
  264. Miragall F, Kadmon G, Schachner M. 1989. Expression of L1 and
  265. N-CAM cell adhesion molecules during development of the mouse
  266. olfactory system. Dev Biol 135:272–286.
  267. Morse WR, Whitesides III JG, LaMantia A-S, Maness PF. 1998. p59fyn
  268. and pp60c-src modulate axonal guidance in the developing mouse
  269. olfactory pathway. J Neurobiol 36:53–63.
  270. Moulton DG. 1975. Cell renewal in the olfactory epithelium of the
  271. mouse. In: Denton DA, Coughlan JP, editors. Olfaction and taste V.
  272. New York: Academic Press, p 111–114.
  273. Orr-Urtreger A, Trakhtenbrot L, Ben-Levy R, Wen D, Rechavi G,
  274. Lonai P, Yarden Y. 1993. Neural expression and chromosomal map-
  275. 226 M.I. CHUAH AND A.K. WEST
  276. ping of neu differentiation factor to 8p12-p21. Proc Natl Acad Sci
  277. 90:1867–1871.
  278. Perez-Bouza A, Wigley CA, Nacimiento W, Noth J, Brook GA. 1998.
  279. Spontaneous orientation of transplanted olfactory glia influences
  280. axonal regeneration. NeuroReport 9:2971–2975.
  281. Perroteau I, Oberto M, Ieraci A, Bovolin P, Fasolo A. 1998. ErbB-3 and
  282. ErbB-4 expression in the mouse olfactory system. Ann NY Acad Sci
  283. 855:255–259.
  284. Pixley SK. 1992. The olfactory nerve contains two populations of glia
  285. idenitified both in vivo and in vitro. Glia 5:269–284
  286. Pixley SK. 1996. Characteristics of olfactory receptor neurons and
  287. other cell types in dissociated rat olfactory cell cultures. Int J Dev
  288. Neurosci 14:823–839.
  289. Pixley SK, Pun RYK. 1990. Cultured rat olfactory neurons are excitable
  290. and respond to odors. Dev Brain Res 53:125–130.
  291. Pollock G, Franceschini I, Graham G, Marchionni M, Barnett S. 1999.
  292. Neuregulin is a mitogen and survival factor for olfactory bulb ensheathing
  293. cells and an isoform is produced by astrocytes. Eur
  294. J Neurosci 11:769–780.
  295. Raisman G. 2001. Olfactory ensheathing cells: another miracle cure
  296. for spinal cord injury? Nat Rev Neurosci 2: 369–374.
  297. Ramon-Cueto A, Avila J. 1998. Olfactory ensheathing glia: properties
  298. and function. Brain Res Bull 46:175–187.
  299. Ramon-Cueto A, Nieto-Sampedro M. 1992. Glial cells from adult rat
  300. olfactory bulb: immunocytochemical properties of pure cultures of
  301. ensheathing cells. Neuroscience 47:213–220.
  302. Ramon-Cueto A, Nieto-Sampedro M. 1994. Regeneration into the
  303. spinal cord of transected dorsal root axons is promoted by ensheathing
  304. glia transplants. Exptl Neurol 127:232–244.
  305. Ramon-Cueto A, Perez J, Nieto-Sampedro M. 1993. In vitro enfolding
  306. of olfactory neurites by p75 NGF receptor positive ensheathing cells
  307. from adult rat olfactory bulb. Eur J Neurosci 5:1172–1180.
  308. Ramon-Cueto A, Plant GW, Avila J, Bunge MB. 1998. Long-distance
  309. axonal regeneration in the transected adult rat spinal cord is promoted
  310. by olfactory ensheathing glia transplants. J Neurosci 18:
  311. 3803–3815.
  312. Ramon-Cueto A, Cordero MI, Santos-Benito FF, Avila J. 2000. Functional
  313. recovery of paraplegic rats and motor axon regeneration in
  314. their spinal cords by olfactory ensheathing glia. Neuron 25:425–
  315. 435.
  316. Rohm B, Ottemeyer A, Lohrum L, Puschel AW. 2000. Plexin/neuropilin
  317. complexes mediate repulsion by the axonal guidance signal
  318. semaphorin 3A. Mech Dev 93:95–104.
  319. Ronnett GV, Hester LD, Snyder SH. 1991. Primary culture of neonatal
  320. rat olfactory neurons. J Neurosci 11:1243–1255.
  321. Rosenbaum C, Karyala S, Marchionni MA, Kim HA, Krasnoselky AL,
  322. Happel B, Isaacs I, Brackenbury R, Ratner N. 1997. Schwann cells
  323. express NDF and SMDF/n-ARIA mRNAs secrete neuregulin, and
  324. show constitutive activation of erbB3 receptors: evidence for a neuregulin
  325. autocrine loop. Exp Neurol 148:604–615.
  326. Salehi-Ashtiani K, Farbman AI. 1996. Expression of neu and Neu
  327. differentiation factor in the olfactory mucosa of rat. Int J Dev
  328. Neurosci 14:801–811.
  329. Samanen DW, Forbes WB. 1984. Replication and differentiation of
  330. olfactory receptor neurons following axotomy in the adult hamster:
  331. a morphological analysis of postnatal neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol
  332. 225:201–211.
  333. Santos-Silva A, Cavalcante LA. 2001. Expression of the non-compact
  334. myelin protein 2,3-cyclic nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterase (CNPase)
  335. in olfactory bulb ensheathing glia from explant cultures. Neurosci
  336. Res 40:189–193.
  337. Schwab ME, Kapfhammer JP, Bandtlow CE. 1993. Inhibitors of neurite
  338. growth. Annu Rev Neurosci 16:565–595.
  339. Schwarting GA, Kostek C, Ahmad N, Dibble C, Pays L, Puschel AW.
  340. 2000. Semaphorin 3A is required for guidance of olfactory axons in
  341. mice. J Neurosci 20:7691–7697.
  342. Smale KA, Doucette R, Kawaja MD. 1996. Implantation of olfactory
  343. ensheathing cells in the adult rat brain following fimbria-fornix
  344. transection. Exp Biol 137:225–233.
  345. Sonigra RJ, Brighton PC, Jacoby J, Hall S, Wigley CB. 1999. Adult rat
  346. olfactory nerve ensheathing cells are effective promoters of adult
  347. central nervous system neurite outgrowth in coculture. Glia 25:
  348. 256–269.
  349. Sonigra RJ, Kandiah SS, Wigley CB. 1996. Spontaneous immortalisation
  350. of ensheathing cells from adult rat olfactory nerve. Glia
  351. 16:247–256
  352. St. John JA, Key B. 1999. Expression of galectin-1 in the olfactory
  353. nerve pathway of rat. Dev Brain Res 117:171–178.
  354. St. John JA, Key B. 2001. EphB2 and two of its ligands have dynamic
  355. protein expression patterns in the developing olfactory system. Dev
  356. Brain Res 126:43–56.
  357. Tennent R, Chuah MI. 1996. Ultrastructural study of ensheathing
  358. cells in early development of olfactory axons. Dev Brain Res 95:135–
  359. 139.
  360. Thompson RJ, Roberts B, Alexander CL, Williams SK, Barnett SC.
  361. 2000. Comparison of neuregulin-1 expression in olfactory ensheathing
  362. cells, Schwann cells and astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 61:172–185.
  363. Tisay KT, Key B. 1999. The extracellular matrix modulates olfactory
  364. neurite outgrowth on ensheathing cells. J Neurosci 19:9890–9899.
  365. Treloar HB, Nurcombe V, Key B. 1996. Expression of extracellular
  366. matrix molecules in the embryonic rat olfactory pathway. J Neurobiol
  367. 31:41–55.
  368. Treloar H, Tomasiewicz H, Magnuson T Key B. 1997. The central
  369. pathway of primary olfactory axons is abnormal in mice lacking the
  370. N-CAM-180 isoform. J Neurobiol 32:643–658.
  371. Ubink R, Halasz N, Zhang X, Dagerlind A, Hokfelt T. 1994. Neuropeptide
  372. tyrosine is expressed in ensheathing cells around the olfactory
  373. nerves in the rat olfactory bulb. Neuroscience 60:709–726.
  374. Valverde F, Santacana M, Heredia M. 1992. Formation of an olfactory
  375. glomerulus: morphological aspects of development and organisation.
  376. Neuroscience 29:255–275.
  377. Verdu E, Navarro X, Gudino-Cabrera G, Rodriguez FJ, Ceballos D,
  378. Valero A, Nieto-Sampedro M. 1999. Olfactory bulb ensheathing
  379. cells enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. NeuroReport 10:1097–
  380. 1101.
  381. Weinmaster G, Lemke G. 1990. Cell-specific cyclic AMP-mediated
  382. induction of the PDGF receptor. EMBO J 9:915–920.
  383. Wen D, Peles E, Cuupples R, Suggs SV, Bacus SS, Luo Y, Trail G, Hu
  384. S, Silbiger SM, Levy RB, Koski RA, Lu HS, Yarden Y. 1992. Neu
  385. differentiation factor: a transmembrane glycoprotein containing an
  386. EGF domain and an immunoglobulin homology unit. Cell 69:559–
  387. 572.
  388. Whitesides III JG, LaMantia A-S. 1996. Differential adhesion and the
  389. initial assembly of the mammalian olfactory nerve. J Comp Neurol
  390. 373:240–254.
  391. Woodhall E, West AK, Chuah MI. 2000. Olfactory ensheathing cells
  392. produce NGF, BDNF, GDNF and neuregulins in culture. Int Congress
  393. Diff Cell Biol p 159.
  394. Woodhall E, West AK, Chuah MI. 2001. Cultured olfactory ensheathing
  395. cells express nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic
  396. factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and their receptors.
  397. Mol Brain Res 88:202–212.
  398. Yan H, Bung MB, Wood PM, Plant GW. 2001. Mitogenic response of
  399. adult rat olfactory ensheathing glia to four growth factors. Glia
  400. 33:334–342.
  401. Yoshino JE, Dinneen MP, Sprinkle TJ, DeVries GH. 1985. Localization
  402. of 2,3-cyclic nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterase on cultured
  403. Schwann cells. Brain Res 325:199–203." name="eprints.referencetext" />
  404. <meta content="Chuah, Meng Inn and West, A.K. (2002) Cellular and molecular biology of ensheathing cells. Microscopy Research and Technique, 58 . pp. 216-227. ISSN 1059-910X" name="eprints.citation" />
  405. <meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2220/1/Chuah_and_West2002.pdf" name="eprints.document_url" />
  406. <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" />
  407. <meta content="Cellular and molecular biology of ensheathing cells" name="DC.title" />
  408. <meta content="Chuah, Meng Inn" name="DC.creator" />
  409. <meta content="West, A.K." name="DC.creator" />
  410. <meta content="320000 Medical and Health Sciences" name="DC.subject" />
  411. <meta content="270000 Biological Sciences" name="DC.subject" />
  412. <meta content="ABSTRACT Ensheathing cells are the glial cells that envelop olfactory axons as they course
  413. from the olfactory epithelium to the bulb. They are derived from the olfactory placode and differ
  414. from the typical glia in terms of sharing the phenotypes of both astrocytes and Schwann cells. The
  415. aims of this study are to review (1) cellular characterisation of ensheathing cells in vivo and in vitro,
  416. (2) molecular insight into their growth promoting properties, and (3) their role in olfactory development
  417. and potential function as a therapeutic agent for nerve repair. Much of the characterisation
  418. of ensheathing cell property has developed from immunohistochemical studies that have been
  419. supplemented with new molecular methodologies in recent years. Many pieces of evidence clearly
  420. indicate that ensheathing cells actively produce growth-promoting molecules, which act in a
  421. paracrine and, in some cases, autocrine manner. However, a review of the available literature also
  422. suggests that there is a great deal that remains to be elucidated regarding the cell biology of
  423. ensheathing cells, for example, their rate of formation and turnover. In addition, the apparent
  424. antigenic heterogeneity as revealed by numerous in vitro studies warrants further analysis,
  425. particularly in view of the fact that in recent years these cells have been touted as a possible agent
  426. for central nerve repair. New molecular methodologies such as the microarray techniques will prove
  427. to be crucial for defining the unique characteristics of ensheathing cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:" name="DC.description" />
  428. <meta content="2002" name="DC.date" />
  429. <meta content="Article" name="DC.type" />
  430. <meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" />
  431. <meta content="application/pdf" name="DC.format" />
  432. <meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2220/1/Chuah_and_West2002.pdf" name="DC.identifier" />
  433. <meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10151" name="DC.relation" />
  434. <meta content="Chuah, Meng Inn and West, A.K. (2002) Cellular and molecular biology of ensheathing cells. Microscopy Research and Technique, 58 . pp. 216-227. ISSN 1059-910X" name="DC.identifier" />
  435. <meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2220/" name="DC.relation" />
  436. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/BibTeX/epprod-eprint-2220.bib" title="BibTeX" type="text/plain" />
  437. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/ContextObject/epprod-eprint-2220.xml" title="OpenURL ContextObject" type="text/xml" />
  438. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/ContextObject::Dissertation/epprod-eprint-2220.xml" title="OpenURL Dissertation" type="text/xml" />
  439. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/ContextObject::Journal/epprod-eprint-2220.xml" title="OpenURL Journal" type="text/xml" />
  440. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/DC/epprod-eprint-2220.txt" title="Dublin Core" type="text/plain" />
  441. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/DIDL/epprod-eprint-2220.xml" title="DIDL" type="text/xml" />
  442. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/EndNote/epprod-eprint-2220.enw" title="EndNote" type="text/plain" />
  443. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/HTML/epprod-eprint-2220.html" title="HTML Citation" type="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
  444. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/METS/epprod-eprint-2220.xml" title="METS" type="text/xml" />
  445. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/MODS/epprod-eprint-2220.xml" title="MODS" type="text/xml" />
  446. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/RIS/epprod-eprint-2220.ris" title="Reference Manager" type="text/plain" />
  447. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/Refer/epprod-eprint-2220.refer" title="Refer" type="text/plain" />
  448. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/Simple/epprod-eprint-2220text" title="Simple Metadata" type="text/plain" />
  449. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/Text/epprod-eprint-2220.txt" title="ASCII Citation" type="text/plain; charset=utf-8" />
  450. <link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2220/XML/epprod-eprint-2220.xml" title="EP3 XML" type="text/xml" />
  451.  
  452.   </head>
  453.   <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" onLoad="loadRoutine(); MM_preloadImages('images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif')">
  454.     
  455.     <div class="ep_noprint"><noscript><style type="text/css">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/nojs.css);</style></noscript></div>
  456.  
  457.  
  458.  
  459.  
  460. <table width="795" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
  461.   <tr>
  462.     <td><script language="JavaScript1.2">mmLoadMenus();</script>
  463.       <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="795">
  464.         <!-- fwtable fwsrc="eprints_banner_final2.png" fwbase="ePrints_banner.gif" fwstyle="Dreamweaver" fwdocid = "1249563342" fwnested="0" -->
  465.         <tr>
  466.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="32" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  467.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="104" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  468.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="44" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  469.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="105" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  470.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="41" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  471.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="16" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  472.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  473.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  474.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  475.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="82" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  476.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="69" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  477.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="98" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  478.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  479.         </tr>
  480.         <tr>
  481.           <td colspan="12"><img name="ePrints_banner_r1_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r1_c1.gif" width="795" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  482.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  483.         </tr>
  484.         <tr>
  485.           <td rowspan="6"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c1.gif" width="32" height="118" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  486.           <td rowspan="5"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c2.gif" width="104" height="103" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
  487.           <td colspan="10"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c3.gif" width="659" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  488.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  489.         </tr>
  490.         <tr>
  491.           <td colspan="3"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c3.gif" width="190" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
  492.           <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c6" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c6.gif" width="469" height="37" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  493.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  494.         </tr>
  495.         <tr>
  496.           <td colspan="3"><img name="ePrints_banner_r4_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r4_c3.gif" width="190" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  497.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  498.         </tr>
  499.         <tr>
  500.           <td colspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c3.gif" width="149" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  501.           <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/information.html" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821132634_0,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c5');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c5','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c5" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5.gif" width="57" height="25" border="0" alt="About" /></a></td>
  502.           <td rowspan="2"><a href="/view/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133021_1,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c7');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c7','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c7" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Browse" /></a></td>
  503.           <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/search/simple" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133201_2,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c8');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c8','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c8" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Search" /></a></td>
  504.           <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/register" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout();" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_1018171924_3,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c9');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c9','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c9" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="register" /></a></td>
  505.           <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/users/home" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133422_4,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c10');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c10','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c10" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10.gif" width="82" height="25" border="0" alt="user area" /></a></td>
  506.           <td rowspan="2"><a href="/help/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133514_5,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c11');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c11','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c11" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11.gif" width="69" height="25" border="0" alt="Help" /></a></td>
  507.           <td rowspan="3" colspan="4"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c12" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c12.gif" width="98" height="40" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  508.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  509.         </tr>
  510.         <tr>
  511.           <td rowspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c3.gif" width="44" height="39" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></td>
  512.           <td><a href="/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r6_c4','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4.gif" width="105" height="24" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></a></td>
  513.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="24" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  514.         </tr>
  515.         <tr>
  516.           <td><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c2.gif" width="104" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  517.           <td colspan="8"><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c4.gif" width="517" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  518.           <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
  519.         </tr>
  520.       </table></td>
  521.   </tr>
  522.     <tr><td><table width="100%" style="font-size: 90%; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 3px"><tr>
  523.       <td align="left"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home">Login</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/register">Create Account</a></td>
  524.       <td align="right" style="white-space: nowrap">
  525.         <form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" style="display:inline">
  526.           <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbox" size="20" type="text" name="q" />
  527.           <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbutton" value="Search" type="submit" name="_action_search" />
  528.           <input type="hidden" name="_order" value="bytitle" />
  529.           <input type="hidden" name="basic_srchtype" value="ALL" />
  530.           <input type="hidden" name="_satisfyall" value="ALL" />
  531.         </form>
  532.       </td>
  533.     </tr></table></td></tr>
  534.   <tr>
  535.     <td class="toplinks"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="content" -->
  536.  
  537.  
  538. <div align="center">
  539.   
  540.   <table width="720" class="ep_tm_main"><tr><td align="left">
  541.     <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Cellular and molecular biology of ensheathing cells</h1>
  542.     <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Chuah, Meng Inn</span> and <span class="person_name">West, A.K.</span> (2002) <xhtml:em>Cellular and molecular biology of ensheathing cells.</xhtml:em> Microscopy Research and Technique, 58 . pp. 216-227. ISSN 1059-910X</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2220/1/Chuah_and_West2002.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2220/1/Chuah_and_West2002.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />1676Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="2789" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10151">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10151</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">ABSTRACT Ensheathing cells are the glial cells that envelop olfactory axons as they course&#13;
  543. from the olfactory epithelium to the bulb. They are derived from the olfactory placode and differ&#13;
  544. from the typical glia in terms of sharing the phenotypes of both astrocytes and Schwann cells. The&#13;
  545. aims of this study are to review (1) cellular characterisation of ensheathing cells in vivo and in vitro,&#13;
  546. (2) molecular insight into their growth promoting properties, and (3) their role in olfactory development&#13;
  547. and potential function as a therapeutic agent for nerve repair. Much of the characterisation&#13;
  548. of ensheathing cell property has developed from immunohistochemical studies that have been&#13;
  549. supplemented with new molecular methodologies in recent years. Many pieces of evidence clearly&#13;
  550. indicate that ensheathing cells actively produce growth-promoting molecules, which act in a&#13;
  551. paracrine and, in some cases, autocrine manner. However, a review of the available literature also&#13;
  552. suggests that there is a great deal that remains to be elucidated regarding the cell biology of&#13;
  553. ensheathing cells, for example, their rate of formation and turnover. In addition, the apparent&#13;
  554. antigenic heterogeneity as revealed by numerous in vitro studies warrants further analysis,&#13;
  555. particularly in view of the fact that in recent years these cells have been touted as a possible agent&#13;
  556. for central nerve repair. New molecular methodologies such as the microarray techniques will prove&#13;
  557. to be crucial for defining the unique characteristics of ensheathing cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Additional Information:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">see individual journal copyright transfer agreements</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">primary olfactory pathway; axon growth; growth factors; receptors; neural repair</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/320000.html">320000 Medical and Health Sciences</a><br /><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270000.html">270000 Biological Sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2220</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">A/Prof MI Chuah</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">17 Oct 2007 16:16</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2220;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=2220">item control page</a></p>
  558.   </td></tr></table>
  559. </div>
  560.  
  561.  
  562.  
  563.     <!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td>
  564.   </tr>
  565.   <tr>
  566.     <td><!-- #BeginLibraryItem "/Library/footer_eprints.lbi" -->
  567.     <table width="795" border="0" align="left" cellpadding="0" class="footer">
  568.   <tr valign="top">
  569. <td colspan="2"><div align="center"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au">UTAS home</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/library/">Library home</a> | <a href="/">ePrints home</a> | <a href="/contact.html">contact</a> | <a href="/information.html">about</a> | <a href="/view/">browse</a> | <a href="/perl/search/simple">search</a> | <a href="/perl/register">register</a> | <a href="/perl/users/home">user area</a> | <a href="/help/">help</a></div><br /></td>
  570. </tr>
  571. <tr><td colspan="2"><p><img src="/images/eprints/footerline.gif" width="100%" height="4" /></p></td></tr>
  572.       <tr valign="top">
  573.         <td width="68%" class="footer">Authorised by the University Librarian<br />
  574. © University of Tasmania ABN 30 764 374 782<br />
  575.       <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/cricos/">CRICOS Provider Code 00586B</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/copyright_disclaimers.html">Copyright &amp; Disclaimers</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/accessibility/index.html">Accessibility</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/feedback/">Site Feedback</a>  </td>
  576.         <td width="32%"><div align="right">
  577.             <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img src="http://www.utas.edu.au/shared/logos/unioftasstrip.gif" alt="University of Tasmania Home Page" width="260" height="16" border="0" align="right" /></a></p>
  578.             <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><br />
  579.             </a></p>
  580.         </div></td>
  581.       </tr>
  582.       <tr valign="top">
  583.         <td><p>  </p></td>
  584.         <td><div align="right"><span class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.eprints.org/software/"><img src="/images/eprintslogo.gif" alt="ePrints logo" width="77" height="29" border="0" align="bottom" /></a></span></div></td>
  585.       </tr>
  586.     </table>
  587.     <!-- #EndLibraryItem -->
  588.     <div align="center"></div></td>
  589.   </tr>
  590. </table>
  591.  
  592.   </body>
  593. </html>